If the first research on direct neural interface dates back to the 1970s, this concept occupies an increasingly prominent place in our daily lives. Notably for people suffering from disabilities. And yet, the notion of a neural interface may still seem a bit barbaric to some. That said, it has a vast field of application and benefits from its own annual ceremony through the BCI Award. The aim is notably to report on its developments.
It should be noted that the terms BCI (Brain Computer Interface), DCI (Direct Neural Interface), or BMI (Brain-Machine Interface) are all designations for the direct neural interface.
In an effort to better familiarize it with the general public, we will therefore address, through this overview, the definition, the workings, and the applications of the BCI.
A direct neural interface: what is it?
By definition, the direct neural interface or brain-machine interface is an interface allowing the brain to communicate directly with an external device such as a computer or another electronic accessory. Its primary objective is the study of the brain, with a view to improving deficient human cognitive functions. Nevertheless, the direct neural interface enjoys numerous potential applications, much like video games.
Developments of the direct neural interface over the years
It was in the 1970s, in California (USA), that studies on the BMI began. Through the hedonic « reward-punishment » system, researchers were able to establish that a monkey could take control of its neurons. Later, in the 1980s, it was proven that it is neurons spread throughout the brain that dictate movement. It took another decade to make the ultimate discovery: the use of waves emitted by the brain to control various devices.
In the 2000s, BMI experiments were subsequently conducted at a university in Providence (USA) to enable rhesus monkeys to move objects they perceive on a computer screen. Nowadays, technological advances in BCI are such that it is now possible to collect signals capable of reproducing a movement. Moreover, one can have a neural interface capable of anticipating electrical muscle activity. In this case, this type of BCI aims to restore the mobility of a limb immobilized by paralysis.
How a direct neural interface works
The direct neural interface can be either unidirectional or bidirectional.
In the first case, the BCI can only either receive or send a set of information to a machine. Additionally, the action does not occur simultaneously, but rather in succession. This means that each of its communication pathways is intended for a specific use. The closest example is that of a device allowing or interrupting the flow of a current. In the case of a bidirectional BCI, it is possible to receive and send a signal at the same time.
One can have an invasive BCI, meaning it integrates directly into the brain, either through brain imaging techniques. Electroencephalography is the most concrete example. A bidirectional BCI is both the human or animal brain combining with the manifestation of neural activity. It should be noted that the cortex is also the seat of a multitude of electrical activities.
The various applications of a DCI
The direct neural interface has major implications, especially in the field of medicine. It can be useful to address a motor deficiency, or to repair sight and hearing. However, its constant evolution has allowed researchers to apply it beyond so-called “natural” abilities. Thus, for example, thanks to a BCI, one can control a computer cursor in a very precise way, better than with a regular mouse. One can also use the direct neural interface to facilitate communication for individuals with disabilities. To this end, it is sufficient for them to imagine moving a computer mouse with their thoughts.
With a BCI, they will have the ability to move the cursor on a modeled screen. They can thus form sentences or express their ideas. Unlike prosthetics that integrate into the body to act as stimuli for the nervous system (the cochlear implant, for example), the BCI is not to be confused with a neuroprosthesis. While the latter generally connects the nervous system to the prosthesis, a BCI connects the nervous system to a computer. Therefore, despite a similar objective, these are two different techniques.
The stakes of the Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) in events
If initially the BCI was used primarily in the medical field, this does not prevent it from having other advantages. Due to the impressive nature of brain control over various objects, the direct neural interface also provides a remarkable form of entertainment. As an example of what is most commonly done in event animation: controlling a drone with the mind. How? With electrodes scattered on the skull and an electroencephalogram headset. Its interest lies mainly in the possible analysis of the brain activity of the participant while they focus on an object or an image.
But one can also carry out a remarkable analysis of brain activities during the tasting of a good dish. The use of the direct neural interface as an event animation has numerous advantages. As a new technology, it offers a unique experience. Indeed, neuroscience animations are so incredible that your guests will want to share the experience through photos and videos. They thus ensure the visibility of your brand. Through this type of animation, you create a true showcase for your company and attract an audience that is as broad as it is varied.
